You have filed your trademark application. You have a serial number. Now what? The trademark examination process is the multi-month journey between clicking "submit" and holding a registration certificate, and most applicants have no idea what happens during it. They check TSDR once, see "New Application - Record Initialized," and wait in the dark.

That is a mistake. Understanding each stage of the trademark application process gives you the ability to prepare for office actions before they arrive, avoid preventable abandonment, and make strategic decisions at every fork in the road. This guide walks through the entire examination pipeline chronologically -- from the moment you file through registration and the maintenance obligations that follow -- with current processing times, fees, and outcome statistics.

For an overview of the full trademark lifecycle beyond examination, see our Trademark Life Cycle guide. If you have not filed yet, start with our Trademark Center filing guide to understand the current filing platform and fee structure.

Examination Timeline at a Glance

Before diving into each stage, here is the current timeline. The USPTO has significantly improved processing speed over the past two years, and 2025-2026 pendency numbers reflect that progress. For the latest wait time data, see our USPTO Trademark Pendency report.

Stage	Typical Timeframe	Notes
Application filed	Day 0	Serial number assigned immediately
Enters examination queue	0-4 months	Assigned to examining attorney by classification
First action (approval or office action)	~5.6 months from filing	Beating the USPTO's 6.7-month goal
Office action response (if issued)	3 months to respond	One 3-month extension available
Approval for publication	Varies	After clean examination or successful OA response
Published in Official Gazette	1-2 months after approval	Every Tuesday
Opposition period	30 days from publication	Extendable up to 180 days total
Registration (use-based)	2-4 months after publication	If no opposition
Notice of Allowance (ITU)	~8 weeks after publication	Statement of Use due within 6 months
Total filing to disposition	~11.7 months	17% reduction from the prior year

That 11.7-month average is a major improvement. Just a few years ago, total pendency ran 8-10 months for first action alone. The USPTO received approximately 765,000 trademark applications in FY2024, and current first-action pendency of 5.6 months is beating the agency's own 6.7-month target.

Stage 1: Application Submission (Day 0)

The trademark application process begins when you submit your application through Trademark Center (which replaced the TEAS system on January 18, 2025). Three things happen immediately:

You receive a serial number. This is your application's unique identifier for the life of the prosecution.
Your filing date is established. This date becomes your constructive use date (priority date) -- critical if a dispute arises with another applicant.
Your fee is charged. The base filing fee is $350 per class of goods or services under the current fee schedule.

The filing fee can increase beyond $350/class if your application triggers surcharges: $100/class for missing required information, $200/class for free-form goods/services descriptions instead of selecting from the ID Manual, and $200/class for each additional 1,000-character block of excess description text. For the full breakdown, see our guide to USPTO fee changes and how to avoid surcharges.

At this point, your application type matters for what happens later. If you filed under Section 1(a) (use-based), you have already submitted specimens of use and claimed a date of first use in commerce. If you filed under Section 1(b) (intent-to-use), you have declared a bona fide intent to use the mark but have not yet begun using it commercially. The paths diverge after publication, which we cover in Stages 7A and 7B below. For help choosing between these filing bases, see our ITU vs. use-based filing guide.

Stage 2: The Queue -- Initial Review and Assignment (0-4 Months)

After filing, your application enters the examination queue. There is nothing for you to do during this period except wait.

Behind the scenes, the USPTO routes your application to an examining attorney based on the international class(es) of goods or services in your application. Examining attorneys specialize in specific product and service categories, so an application for software (Class 9) will be reviewed by a different attorney than one for restaurant services (Class 43).

What you should do during this period: Check your application status on TSDR every 3-4 months (do not check daily -- the status will not change for weeks). Monitor your email for any USPTO correspondence. Do not make changes to your mark or business operations that would affect the accuracy of your application.

Stage 3: Substantive Examination (~3-6 Months After Filing)

This is where the real work happens. The assigned examining attorney conducts a thorough review of your application, evaluating both procedural compliance and substantive registrability.

What the examiner reviews:

Section 2(d) likelihood of confusion. The examiner searches the USPTO's database of registered and pending marks to determine whether your mark is confusingly similar to any existing mark for related goods or services. This analysis applies the DuPont factors, weighing similarity of the marks, relatedness of the goods/services, and other relevant circumstances. Importantly, the examiner searches only the federal register -- they do not search common law or state-level trademark databases.
Descriptiveness and genericness. Is your mark merely descriptive of the goods or services? Is it generic -- the common name for the product itself? Descriptive marks face refusal under Section 2(e)(1) unless the applicant can demonstrate acquired distinctiveness.
Specimen adequacy. For use-based applications, the examiner verifies that your specimen actually shows the mark used in commerce in connection with the identified goods or services. A website screenshot showing the mark next to a "Buy Now" button works for goods; a brochure or advertising material typically works for services.
Identification of goods/services. Are your goods and services described with sufficient specificity and classified in the correct international class(es)?
Drawing requirements. Does the representation of your mark meet USPTO standards? Standard character drawings, special form drawings, and sound marks each have specific technical requirements.
Formalities. Is the applicant's entity type correct? Is the domicile address valid? Is there a required disclaimer for descriptive or generic components?

If the examiner finds no issues, the application is approved for publication. If there are problems, the examiner issues an office action.

Stage 4: Office Actions -- The Most Critical Juncture

An office action is a letter from the examining attorney identifying legal or procedural issues with your application. It is not a rejection -- it is an opportunity to respond. But the clock starts ticking immediately.

How Common Are Office Actions?

More common than most applicants expect. Approximately 25% of applications received a non-final office action in 2023 by conservative measures, and when you include all types of examiner correspondence requiring a response, the rate exceeds 60%. The overall registration success rate sits at about 51.7%, meaning roughly 48.3% of applications are ultimately rejected or abandoned.

Response Deadlines

The response window changed in December 2022 and catches many applicants off guard:

Application Type	Response Deadline	Extension Available?	Extension Cost
U.S.-basis filing (non-final OA)	3 months	Yes, one 3-month extension	$125/class
U.S.-basis filing (final OA)	3 months	Yes, one 3-month extension	$125/class
Madrid Protocol (Section 66(a))	6 months	No	N/A

The old six-month deadline is gone for domestic filers. You now have three months, with the option to purchase one three-month extension for $125 per class. Miss the deadline and your application is abandoned -- no exceptions, no grace period.

Most Common Office Action Grounds

Section 2(d) likelihood of confusion (~20% of all applications). The examiner has found a prior registration that is too similar to your mark for related goods or services. This is the single most common substantive refusal.
Descriptiveness (Section 2(e)(1)). The mark merely describes an ingredient, quality, characteristic, function, feature, purpose, or use of the goods or services.
Specimen deficiency. The submitted specimen does not adequately show the mark used in commerce for the identified goods or services.
Identification and classification issues. The goods/services description is too vague, overly broad, or assigned to the wrong international class.
Ornamental use. The mark appears on the goods purely as decoration rather than as a source identifier (common with T-shirts and novelty items).

For detailed response strategies for each refusal type, see our office action response strategies guide and our article on overcoming refusals.

Non-Final vs. Final Office Actions

A non-final office action is the first round. You respond with arguments, evidence, amendments, or a combination. If the examiner is satisfied, the application moves to publication. If the examiner maintains the refusal after your response, they issue a final office action.

A final office action does not end the process, but it narrows your options. You can file a request for reconsideration (no additional fee), file an appeal to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB), or accept the refusal and let the application go abandoned.

Stage 5: Approval and Publication

Once the examining attorney is satisfied that the application meets all requirements -- either on initial examination or after a successful office action response -- the mark is approved for publication.

The mark is then published in the Trademark Official Gazette, which the USPTO releases every Tuesday. Publication typically occurs 1-2 months after examination approval. The Official Gazette serves as public notice to existing trademark owners that a new mark is seeking registration.

Stage 6: The Opposition Period

Publication triggers a 30-day opposition window. During this period, any party who believes they would be damaged by the registration of the mark can file an opposition proceeding before the TTAB. For a full explanation of the TTAB process, see our guide to TTAB proceedings.

Key facts about the opposition period:

The initial window is 30 days from publication.
A potential opposer can request extensions of time to oppose, up to 180 days total from the publication date.
The first 30-day extension is granted automatically and free of charge.
Subsequent extensions require a showing of good cause and may require consent of the applicant.
Common opposition grounds include likelihood of confusion, descriptiveness, genericness, and dilution of a famous mark.

This is one of the most strategically important windows in the entire trademark examination process, and it is where monitoring pays dividends. If a competitor files a mark that is confusingly similar to yours, the opposition period is your opportunity to challenge it before it becomes a registration. GleanMark monitors 13.9 million USPTO trademark records and delivers alerts the same business day a conflicting mark is published -- giving you the full 30-day window to evaluate and act.

Stage 7: The Fork -- Registration vs. Notice of Allowance

What happens after a clean opposition period depends on how you filed.

Stage 7A: Registration (Use-Based Filings, Section 1(a))

If you filed based on actual use in commerce (Section 1(a)), and no opposition was filed or any opposition was resolved in your favor, the USPTO issues a registration certificate. This typically arrives 2-4 months after the opposition period closes.

Congratulations -- your mark is now a federally registered trademark. You may begin using the (R) symbol.

Stage 7B: Notice of Allowance (Intent-to-Use Filings, Section 1(b))

If you filed based on intent to use (Section 1(b)), the USPTO does not issue a registration yet. Instead, it issues a Notice of Allowance (NOA), which typically arrives about 8 weeks after the opposition period closes. The NOA means the USPTO has determined your mark is registrable, but you must still prove you are actually using it in commerce.

Statement of Use requirements:

You must file a Statement of Use (SOU) within 6 months of the NOA issue date.
The SOU must include a specimen showing the mark in use in commerce and a declaration of the date of first use.
If you are not yet using the mark, you can request extensions of time to file the SOU.

Extension timeline:

Extension	Deadline	Good Cause Required?	Fee
First extension	6 months after NOA	No	$125/class
Second extension	12 months after NOA	Yes	$125/class
Third extension	18 months after NOA	Yes	$125/class
Fourth extension	24 months after NOA	Yes	$125/class
Fifth extension	30 months after NOA	Yes	$125/class
Maximum total time	3 years from NOA	--	Up to $625/class in extension fees

After you file the SOU, the examining attorney reviews your specimen and use claim. If everything checks out, the registration certificate issues approximately 2 months later.

If you exhaust all five extensions without filing a valid SOU, the application is abandoned.

When Examination Stalls: Suspension

Not every application moves through these stages on schedule. The USPTO can suspend examination for several reasons:

Prior pending application (most common). If an earlier-filed application could create a likelihood of confusion with your mark, the examiner suspends your case until that application is resolved.
Waiting for a foreign registration. Applications claiming foreign priority may be suspended until the foreign registration issues.
Related TTAB or court proceedings. Active opposition, cancellation, or litigation involving related marks can trigger suspension.

Suspension can add months or years to the timeline. You cannot force the USPTO to lift it, but monitoring the blocking case's status helps you anticipate when your examination will resume.

When Things Go Wrong: Abandonment and Revival

An application is abandoned when the applicant fails to respond to an office action within the deadline, fails to file a Statement of Use or extension within the required timeframe, or explicitly requests abandonment.

Abandonment is not necessarily permanent. You can file a Petition to Revive if:

You file the petition within 2 months of the date on the abandonment notice (the maximum outer limit is 6 months from the date the USPTO takes action resulting in abandonment).
You include a verified statement that the delay in responding was unintentional.
You pay the required petition fee.
You include the response or document that should have been filed.

Petitions to Revive are not guaranteed. The USPTO evaluates whether the delay was genuinely unintentional, and a pattern of missed deadlines works against you.

After a Final Refusal: Your Appeal Options

If the examining attorney issues a final refusal and you disagree with the decision, you have three paths forward:

Request for reconsideration. You can ask the examining attorney to reconsider the final refusal based on new arguments or evidence. There is no additional fee. The examiner is not required to change their position, but if you present compelling new evidence, some do.
Ex parte appeal to the TTAB. You file an appeal with the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board for $225 per class. The TTAB reviews the examining attorney's refusal de novo. The success rate for appellants is approximately 15% -- the TTAB affirms Section 2(d) refusals about 85% of the time. Despite those odds, an appeal is worth pursuing when you have strong arguments that the examiner did not adequately consider.
Federal court appeal. After an adverse TTAB decision, you can appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or file a civil action in a U.S. District Court. This is rare and expensive, reserved for high-value marks where the legal stakes justify the cost.

Post-Registration: The Maintenance Obligation

Registration is not the finish line. Federal trademark registrations require periodic maintenance filings, and failure to file them results in cancellation. There is no reinstatement for a cancelled registration -- you must file a new application and start over. For the complete breakdown of every maintenance filing, see our Section 8 and 9 Maintenance guide.

Filing Window	Required Filings	Fees (Per Class)	Consequence of Missing
Years 5-6 after registration	Section 8 Declaration of Use (mandatory)	$325	Cancellation
Years 5-6 after registration	Section 15 Incontestability (optional)	$250	Lose opportunity for enhanced protection
Years 9-10 after registration	Section 8 + Section 9 Renewal	$325 + $325 = $650	Cancellation
Every 10 years thereafter	Section 8 + Section 9 Renewal	$325 + $325 = $650	Cancellation

Each filing window has a 6-month grace period with additional surcharges, but relying on the grace period is risky. Automated docketing and monitoring alerts can ensure you never miss a deadline.

Outcome Statistics: What Are Your Chances?

Understanding the odds helps set expectations and informs strategic decisions.

Metric	Value
Applications received (FY2024)	~765,000
First action pendency	~5.6 months
Total pendency (filing to disposition)	~11.7 months
Overall rejection rate	~48.3%
Overall registration success rate	~51.7%
Applications receiving office actions	25-60%+ (depending on measure)
TTAB affirmance rate for 2(d) refusals	~85%
Ex parte appeal success rate	~15%

Nearly half of all trademark applications never reach registration. The most common culprits are likelihood-of-confusion refusals, missed deadlines, and descriptiveness issues that could have been identified with a thorough pre-filing search.

Practical Tips for Each Phase

Before filing: Conduct a comprehensive trademark search (the examiner only searches the federal register, not common law sources). Choose a strong mark -- fanciful and arbitrary marks face the fewest hurdles. Select goods/services descriptions from the ID Manual to avoid the $200/class surcharge.

During examination: Respond to office actions promptly -- do not wait until the deadline. Keep your contact information current so you do not miss correspondence. If your case is suspended, monitor the blocking application's status so you are ready when examination resumes.

After registration: Calendar every maintenance deadline immediately. The Section 8 filing is due between the 5th and 6th anniversary -- miss it and the registration is cancelled. Continue monitoring for conflicting filings. GleanMark's same-business-day alerts help trademark owners catch potentially conflicting applications during the opposition period, when challenging a mark is most efficient.

Conclusion

The trademark examination process is methodical, sequential, and navigable with the right preparation. Each stage has specific deadlines, requirements, and strategic considerations. The applicants who succeed understand the process before entering it, respond to office actions with informed strategies, and maintain their registrations with disciplined docketing.

With current average pendency at 11.7 months, most applicants will have a disposition within a year. Whether that disposition is a registration certificate or an abandonment notice depends on the choices made at each stage along the way.

What Happens After Filing: The Trademark Examination Process Step by Step